Effect of heart rate on the hemodynamics in healthy and stenosed carotid arteries

Stenosis in the internal carotid arteries is a serious cardiovascular condition. It well-reported that low and oscillatory wall shear stress enhances risk of stenosis progression. However, effects increased heart rates highly stenosed are not well explored. A detailed understanding flow features distribution at different may help clinicians to prescribe better exercise schedules for patients. In this study, we probe elevated on hemodynamics healthy arterial geometries using an immersed boundary method-based computational framework. Our results reveal strong recirculation, secondary velocity, index (OSI) zone develop inside severely artery normal rate. Higher potentially improve health by reducing OSI only mild arteries. worsen onsetting instabilities, enhancing spread severity recirculation magnitude pressure drops across stenosis, high (≥0.2) downstream. Furthermore, case severe throat rises significantly, which can contribute plaque rupture thrombus development. Here, report detail behavior levels fluctuations model rates.